施肥与耕作技术集成对土壤理化、生物性状及木薯产量的影响

为了探讨施肥及耕作技术集成对木薯地土壤理化、生物性状及木薯产量的影响，本试验共设置5个处理，分别是生物有机肥＋测土配方肥＋盖膜集雨水＋深耕(处理1)、生物有机肥＋测土配方肥＋盖膜集雨水(处理2)、生物有机肥＋测土配方肥＋深耕(处理3)、生物有机肥＋测土配方肥(处理4)、施通用高浓度复合肥(处理5常规施肥及种植方式作为对照)，通过大田试验研究他们对木薯地土壤理化、生物性状及木薯产量的影响。结果表明：与常规施肥及种植方式相比，不同施肥及耕作栽培技术集成处理均可提高木薯地土壤养分含量和含水量，改善土壤理化性状和土壤微生物区系组成。处理1的木薯产量增幅达到35.81%，差异极显著。本试验条件下，木薯最优的施肥及耕作栽培模式是技术综合集成生物有机肥＋测土配方肥＋盖膜集雨水＋深耕(处理1)。     

Radiation interception and radiation use efficiency of potato affected by different N fertigation and irrigation regimes

Three years of field experiments were carried out to explore the response of potato dry matter production, accumulated intercepted photosynthetic active radiation (Aipar) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) to five N levels providing 0, 60, 100, 140 and 180 kg N ha⁻¹ and three drip irrigation strategies, which were full, deficit and none irrigation. Results showed that, irrespective of years, dry matter production and Aipar were increased by prolonged N fertigation, even though N fertigation was carried out from middle to late growing season. The highest total and tuber dry matter and accumulated radiation interception in all three years were obtained when potatoes were provided with 180 kg N ha⁻¹. RUE on the other hand was not affected by N regime. Thus, increases in total dry matter production with increasing N levels were essentially caused by higher Aipar. The strongest response to N fertilization occurred when most N was applied early in the growing season and the latest N fertilization should be applied no later than 41–50 days after emergence. Deficit irrigation, which received ca.70% of irrigation applied to full irrigation, did not reduce radiation interception and radiation use efficiency.     

水稻氮肥利用效率的研究进展

我国水稻生产发展迅速,氮肥的使用起了重要作用,但我国氮肥利用率却明显低于世界平均水平。这不仅严重影响我国水稻生产整体竞争力,还会引发一系列环境问题。本文综述了氮对水稻生长的影响,以及影响水稻对氮肥吸收的各种因素,并就如何提高我国水稻氮肥利用效率展开讨论,以期为提高我国氮肥利用水平和农民增产增收提供参考。     

淮阴区配方肥料应用的现状、存在问题和对策

配方肥料是"测土配方施肥"的物化载体,是科技转化为生产力的具体表现。如何尽快将通过测土配方技术研制的配方肥料应用到生产实际中,不仅关系到"测土配方施肥"项目的实施效果和效率,同时也关系全区耕地质量的提高和农业可持续发展的顺利实现。当前,由于受市场因素、农技体制、农民素质、流通形式等诸多因素影响,配方肥料的推广工作进展得很不顺利。要真正把配方肥料推广应用到千家万户,发挥其在农业生产中的增效作用,还需要各级政府、农技推广部门、肥料生产企业、经销商等的共同努力和全社会的广泛参与。     

机械化深施肥技术及推广

机械化深施肥技术是作物施肥作业的技术创新,可提高作业效率、肥料利用率和作物产量.但机械化深施肥技术要达到普及推广,还须采取多种措施:加大推广示范和政策扶持力度,加强深施肥技术的农机与农艺配套研究,研究制定机械施肥作业技术标准;农机制造企业要提高产品性能和质量,提高设备使用的可靠性;同时,化肥生产企业也应参与研究,共同开发与深施技术配套的肥料.     

施肥对苜蓿土壤水分、养分和产量的影响:基于定位试验数据的Meta分析

为探究提高苜蓿(Medicago sativa)产量和改善土壤肥力性质的施肥措施,本研究以中国为研究区域,以不施肥苜蓿为对照,通过检索文献整合已发表的相关田间试验数据,采用整合分析方法(Meta-analysis),系统探究施肥措施对苜蓿地土壤水分、养分、产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,施肥可有效增加苜蓿土壤养分含量并提高苜蓿产量,但增加的地上生物量也影响了苜蓿对土壤水分的消耗,其中土壤有机质和全氮含量分别增加了3.1％～33.3％和4.5％～30.9％,土壤速效磷和速效钾含量分别提高了3.6％～144.4％和4.4％～24.8％,土壤水分下降了4.4％～11.8％.与不施肥相比,施肥措施下苜蓿增产率达到15.4％～198.2％,水分利用效率提高了5.9％～169.6％.进一步相关分析表明,苜蓿产量与0-200 cm土壤水分、有机质和速效磷含量均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),苜蓿水分利用效率与土壤速效磷含量呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01).综上,施肥可有效增加土壤养分含量并提高苜蓿产量,其中化肥和有机肥配施表现出的增产作用最为突出,化肥配施对苜蓿水分利用效率的提升效应最佳.该研究可为苜蓿种植过程中适宜施肥措施的选择提供理论依据.     

Genetical studies of embryo survival and embryo breakdown in Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey

Summary The 6×6×4 analysis of variance of the mean percentage embryo survival for six variegated cultivars of Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey, with mutant plastids in their germ layers, and for their isogenic green (G) clones, shows highly significant differences between females (81 to 91 per cent) and between plastid crosses (83 to 91 per cent). Between cultivar differences are attributed largely to additive effects corresponding to additive gene action, and between plastid differences to a lower survival after crosses with white (W) males than with green males. The relationship between overall fertility (% fertilization × survival) and plastid crosses is a stepwise decline in the order G×G>G×W>W×G>W×W (28 to 19 per cent) in which the white embryos growing in a white mother are approximately 30 per cent less fertile than the green embryos in a green mother. The non-surviving embryos are classified into empty, undeveloped and dwarf embryos and submitted to a 6×4 analysis of variance after summing through males. The significant heterogeneity between females is attributed largely to a difference between one cultivar-with a high frequency of dwarf and a low frequency of undeveloped embryos-and the other five cultivars. The absence of a significant plastid effect upon any stage of embryo breakdown indicates that the depressive effect of white plastids is spread evenly throughout development.     

The effect of accidental selfing on the analysis of a diallel cross with sugar cane

Summary The diallel cross was found to be an unsuitable design for quantitative genetic analyses with sugar cane.Accidental selfing caused substantial inbreeding depression for most characters. Consequently, analysis of a diallel cross without regard to the effect of accidental selfing would be subject to bias, if accidental selfing were common. A selfing model proposed by Dudley (1963) was extended to include differential selfing, and was tested in an experiment in which the percentage of selfing in each cross was estimated visually.Variance components had large standard errors, which prevented firm conclusions from being drawn, but selfing appeared to cause substantial bias in the estimates. Estimates of genetic variance components from a p(p-1) diallel set, using the extended selfing model, were compared with estimates obtained from the standard analyses in which reciprocal or maternal effects should account for the effect of selfing. The estimates were comparable, but the standard analyses were simpler and produced estimates with lower standard errors.When the effects of selfing were minimized, general combining ability (g.c.a.) effects appeared to be much more important than specific combining ability (s.c.a.) effects for most characters.     

Factors affecting haploid production in wheat using the Hordeum bulbosum system. 3. Post-fertilization effects on embryo survival

Summary An investigation was made of factors affecting the frequency of development of fertilized ovules following wheat x Hordeum bulbosum hybridizations. Seed survival, a term used here to represent the relationship between seed set and fertilization, was shown to vary between the wheat genotypes tested, but was unrelated to the crossability genes present within the wheat genotype. A high seed survival was obtained in crosses involving the variety TH3929 and the single chromosome substitution line, Chinese Spring (Hope 5B). Chinese Spring showed a poor seed survival. Some influence of the H. bulbosum genotype on seed survival was detected. The two environmental factors studied, namely the post-pollination application of gibberellic acid and the ambient temperature, were both shown to affect seed survival. The application of gibberellic acid immediately after pollination or 1 and 2 days after pollination improved seed survival, although the extent of the response was dependent upon the number and timing of the application(s). A genotype-dependent response to the ambient temperature was observed, TH3929 showing a slight but insignificant reduction and Chinese Spring a significant improvement in seed survival with an increase in temperature from 20°C to 26°C. The physiological processes which may be influenced by GA and the ambient temperature and may thereby affect seed survival are discussed.     

Pollination, Fertilization and Seed Development in Inbred Lines and F1 Hybrids of Spring Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.)

When the flowers are not disturbed, the yield of F₁ hybrids of faba beans normally exceeds that in their inbred parents. The basis of this “heterotic autofertility” was investigated by examining flowers for pollination and fertilization throughout the flowering season and assessing the distribution of seeds and pods on mature plants. Six inbred lines and seven of their F₁ hybrids were grown without protection from bee visitation, and their autofertility was estimated’ by comparing their fertilization with that of cytoplasmic male-sterile line. The first direct evidence was obtained that heterotic autofertility acts by increasing; the proportion of flowers which were pollinated and fertilized. The autofertility was not perfect, especially in a closed-flower hybrid, as many ovules remained unfertilized. Several factors contributed to the number of seeds per pod in F₁ hybrids, being superior to parental means: (1) more ovules per flower, (2) greater fertilization of the basal ovules, (3) reduced abortion of the apical ovules and (4) greater overall maturation ovules.